ISSN: 2375-3846
American Journal of Science and Technology  
Manuscript Information
 
 
Science as a Form of Human Activity: Its Role in Prognosis of Social Future
American Journal of Science and Technology
Vol.3 , No. 5, Publication Date: Oct. 11, 2016, Page: 131-139
2255 Views Since October 11, 2016, 522 Downloads Since Oct. 11, 2016
 
 
Authors
 
[1]    

Vladimir Romanenko, Head of Scientific Council-North-Western Branch of Academy of Information Technologies in Education, Saint-Petrsburg, Russia.

[2]    

Vyacheslav Fomenko, Retired, Freelance Consulting, Ashdod, Israel.

[3]    

Galina Nikitina, General Scientific Secretary, Vice-Chairman – North-Western Branch of Academy of Information Technologies in Education, Saint-Petersburg, Russia.

 
Abstract
 

Each living body needs to forecast the changes in its environment and explain the observed phenomena. Unlike animals, people try to use the experience of previous generations in their forecasts. This experience is stored in science and religions. It is stored in memory of living systems. They are brains for individuals and special institutions for social systems. The input flows of different facts are put in order with the help of science. The new signals are compared with the facts stored in memory systems. The sets of actions which put in order the flows of input facts are Scientific methods. The results obtained with their help have various uncertainties or inaccuracies of input facts. There are four groups of these inaccuracies. They depend on the position of the human observer. The effect of predictions depends on people’s goals and is a serious problem in social systems. Different areas of human knowledge are studied from positions of possible uncertainties of Science predictions.


Keywords
 

Forecasts, Foreseeable Future, Observe Effects, Rashomon Effect, Reductionism, Reorders of Facts, Uncertainties


Reference
 
[01]    

Moles; A. A. (1966) Information Theory and Esthetic Perception (Transl. From French) Urbana: University of Illinois Press.

[02]    

Romanenko; V. N., Nikitina; G. V. (2010) Mnogoznachnost’ ponyatiyua informatsii (The ambiguity of the concept of information) (In Russian) Filosofiya nauki (Philosophy of Science) Issue 4 (47): 75-99.

[03]    

Gaase-Rapoport; M. G., Pospelov: D. A. (1987) Ot Ameby do Robota: Modeli Povedeniya (From Amoeba to Robot: Moldels of Behaviour) (In Russian) Moscow: “Nauka” 288 pp.

[04]    

Feigenberg; J. M (2014) Memory, Probabilistic Prognosis, and Presetting for Action Retrieved on April 21, 2015 from: http://www.nadin.ws/ante-study/wp-content/uploads/2014/05/

[05]    

Vygotsky; L. S. (1978). Mind in Society Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press. 176 p.

[06]    

Vygotsky; L. S. (1986) Thought and Language Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. 392 p.

[07]    

Berto; F. (2009) There's Something about Gödel: The Complete Guide to the Incompleteness Theorem Malden, Mass., and Oxford: Wiley-Blackwell 233 p.

[08]    

Zhukov; D. A. (2007) Biologiya Povedeniya: Gumoral’nye Mechanizmy (Biology of Behavior: Humoral Mechanims) (In Russian) Saint-Petersburg: Publishing House Rech’.

[09]    

Ziman; J. (2000) Real Science: What It Is and What It Means Cambridge; Cambridge University Press.

[10]    

Romanenko; V. N., Nikitina; G. V., Fomenko; V. S. (2010) Discussion on Electronic Scientific Seminar devoted to article of Professor Magazanik. Three items (In Russian) Retrieved on June 21, 2016 from: http://www.elektron2000.com/roman_nikit_0196.html; http://www.elektron2000.com/fomenko_0197.html; http://www.elektron2000.com/roman_nikit_0202.html.

[11]    

Ziman; J. (1998) What is Science In: Introductory Readings in the Philosophy of Science (Edited by Klemke; E. D., Hollimger; R, Runde; D. W.) 3rd- ed. NY; Prometheus book, 48- 53. pp

[12]    

Platinga; A. (2010) Religion and Science In: Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy Retrieved on August 3, 2016 from: http://plato.stanford.edu/entries/religion-science/

[13]    

Romanenko; V., Nikitina; G. (2015) Three Main Issues of Understanding the World AASCIT Communications 2 (5), 237-242.

[14]    

Anonymous (2014) Science Retrieved on June 19, 2016 from: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Science

[15]    

Bell; G. (2008) Selection: The Mechanism of Evolution (2nd Ed) Oxford, NY: Oxford Univ. Press

[16]    

Palmer; L. K., Palmer; J. A. (2002) The Ultimate Origins of Human Behaviour. Evolutionary Psychology Boston: Zallyn & Bacon.

[17]    

Be’er; A., Zhang; H. P., Florin: E.-L., Payen; S. M., Ben-Jacob; E., Swinney; H. L. (2009) Deadly competition between sibling bacterial colonies Proc. of PNAS 106 (2): 428-433.

[18]    

Romanenko; V. N. (1997) Osnovnye predstavleniya teorii mnogoobraziy (The main statements of the diversities) Saint-Petersburg: Saint-Petersburg State University of Civil Engineering Press.

[19]    

Romanenko; V. N., Nikitina; G. V. (2014) How the Physical World Impacts Different Objects Studies in Sociology of Science 5 (3): 40-43.

[20]    

Varshavsky; V. Y., Pospelov; D. A. (1984) Orkestr igraet bez dirizhera (The orchestra plays without a conductor) (In Russian) Moscow:, Nauka, Physmatgiz.

[21]    

Biewener; A. A. (2003) Animal Locomotion Oxford, NY: Oxford University Press.

[22]    

Ziman; J. (1998) What is Science In: Introductory Readings in the Philosophy of Science (Edited by Klemke; E. D., Hollimger; R, Runde; D. W.) 3rd- ed. NY; Prometheus book, 48- 53. pp

[23]    

Ney; A. (2016) Reductionism The Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Retrieved on July 30, 2016 from http://www.iep.utm.edu/redp-ism/

[24]    

Heukelom; F. (2006) What Simon Says Retrieved on August 7, 2016 from: http://papers.tinbergen.nl/07005.pdf.

[25]    

Smuth; J. C. (1927) Holism and Evolution London: MacMillan and Co, Limited.

[26]    

Wilson; D. S. (2002) Darwin’s Cathedral: Evolution, Religion and the Nature of Society Chicago, Il: University of Chicago Press.

[27]    

Romanenko; V., Nikitina; G. (2015) Theory of Transformations: Some Basic Representations of Practical Problems AASCIT Communications 2 (6): 307-319.

[28]    

Gholson; B., Shandish; W. R., Neimeyer; R. A.; Houts; A. C. (Editors) (1989) Psychology of Science. Contributions to Metascience Cambridge, NY, New Rochelle, Melbourne, Sydney: Cambridge University Press.

[29]    

Newell; A., Simon; H. H. (1972) Human Problem Solving Engleford Cliffs, NY; Prentice-Hall.

[30]    

French; C. S. (1996) Data Processing and Information Technology 10-th ed. Thomson.

[31]    

Kuhn; T. S. (1970) The Structure oif Scientific Revolutions 2-nd. ed., Enlarged. Chicago. The University of Chicago Press

[32]    

Bowditch; J. L., Buono; A. F., Steawrt; M. M. (2008) Perception, Attitudes, and Individual Differences In: Primer of Organizational Behavior 7-th ed. John Wiley and Sons Chapter 2. pp. 41-69.

[33]    

Nagel; T. (1974) What is Wit Like to Be a Bat? The Philosophical Review 83 (4): 435-450.

[34]    

Čapek; K. (1990) Meteor In: Three Novels: Hordubal, Meteor, An Ordinary Life North Haven, CT: Catbird Press. pp. 151-312.

[35]    

Anderson; R. (2016) What is the Rashomon effect? In: Rashomon Effects. Kurosawa, Rashomon and Their Legacies (Davis; B., Anderson; R., Walls; J. Editors) London and New-York; Routledge. pp. 66-85.

[36]    

Singh; A. (2015) Your truth, My Truth and the Rashomon Effect Rertrieved on August 6, 2016 from: https://www.linkedin.com/pulse/your-truth-my-rashomon-effect-arun-singh

[37]    

Violatti; C. (2014) Science Retrieved on August 8, 2016) from: http://www.ancient.eu/science

[38]    

Groarke; L. F. (2010) Aristotle: Logic In: Internet Encyclopedia of Philosophy Retrieved at August 8, 2016 from: http://www.iep.utm.logic/aris-log.

[39]    

Wilson; E. B. (1990) An Introduction to Science Research NY: Dover publication.

[40]    

Marsh; D., Stoker; G. (Editors) (2010) Theory and Methods in Political Science 3-rd ed. NY; Palgrave Macmillan.

[41]    

Simon; H. A. (1959) Theories of Decision-Making in Economics and Behavioral Science The American Economic Review 19 (3): 253-283.

[42]    

Koestler, A. (1982) The Host in the Mashine (1-st Amer. edition) NY; Random House. 384 pp.

[43]    

Grinchenko; S. A. (2006) Informatiko-kibernetichekiy podkhod v problemakh estesvoznaniya (Informatics and cybernetics approach to the problems of natural science) (In Russian) In: special issue of Journal: Sistemy I sredstva informatiki (Systems and tools of Informatics) pp 299-324.

[44]    

Feynman; R. (2015) The Feynman Lecturers on Physics, Vol. III. Ch 3.2 California Institute of Technology.

[45]    

Monahan; T., Fisher; J. A. (2010) Benefits of “Observer Effects”: Lessons from the Field US National Library of Medicine. National institute of Health retrieved on August 10, 2016 from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3032358/

[46]    

Morwitz; V. G., Fitzimons; G. J. (2004) The Mere-Measurement Effect: Why Does Measuring Intentions Change Actual Behavior? Journal of Consumer Psychology 14 (1-2): 65-74.

[47]    

Langmuir; I. (1989) Pathological Science Physics Today 42 (10): 36-48.

[48]    

Romanenko; V., Nikitina; G. (2015) Learning of Technologies: Road from Non-Formal Empirical Descriptions to Formal Mathematical Study In: Proc. of 14-th International Scientific Conference Engineering for Rural Development vol. 14, pp 636-647.

[49]    

Krause; J., Fu; O., Viola; B., Shunkov; N. B., Derevianko; A. P., Pääbo; S. (2010) The Complete mitochondrial DNA Genome of an Unknown hominine from Southern Siberia Nature 464; 894-897.





 
  Join Us
 
  Join as Reviewer
 
  Join Editorial Board
 
share:
 
 
Submission
 
 
Membership