Indexing
All Issues
Submission
Author Guidelines
Reviewers
Editorial Members
Publication Fee
Vol.3 , No. 1, Publication Date: May 10, 2018, Page: 31-36
 although other species have also been shown to be enterotoxigenic. <i>S. aureus</i> is an ubiquitous Gram-positive coccus of approximately 1 μm in diameter and forms clusters. There are several methods for detection of enterotoxigeneic bacteria. The phenotypical methods are not reliable in specificity, because staphylococcal enterotoxins serotypes are antigenically similar. On the other hand, commercial serological kits can not detect all the serotypes and are limited in serotypes (A-B). Therefore, molecular techniques such as multiplex PCR and real-time PCR are recommended for detection of <i>Staphylococcus aureus</i> enterotoxins genes.&picture=http://www.aascit.org/aascit/decorators/img/journal/832.jpg)
| [1] | Saly M. E. Toubar, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Port-Said University, Port-Said, Egypt. |
| [2] | Abdllah A. Elbialy, Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Zagazig University, Zagazig, Egypt. |
| [3] | Mahmoud M. M. Zaky, Botany Department, Faculty of Science, Port-Said University, Port-Said, Egypt. |
| [4] | Ahmed S. El-Shafey, Microbiology Section, Faculty of Science, Tanta University, Tanta, Egypt. |
Staphylococcal enterotoxins are members of a family of more than 20 different staphylococcal and streptococcal exotoxins that are functionally related and share sequence homology. It colonizes humans as well as domestic animals, and is a common opportunistic pathogen. It is estimated that S. aureus is persistent in 20% of the general population, while another 60% are intermittent carriers. Most frequently, the anterior nares is the site of colonization in humans, and this colonization increases the risk of infections when host defenses are compromised. This is supported by multiple observations. For instance, the frequency of infections is higher in carriers than in non-carriers. Non-carriers commonly acquire infections through contaminated food or when food handlers who are carriers contaminate food during preparation. Although there are more than 20 distinct staphylococcal enterotoxins, only a few of them have been studied in depth These bacterial proteins are known to be pyrogenic and are connected to significant human diseases that include food poisoning and toxic shock syndrome. These toxins are for the most part produced by Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) although other species have also been shown to be enterotoxigenic. S. aureus is an ubiquitous Gram-positive coccus of approximately 1 μm in diameter and forms clusters. There are several methods for detection of enterotoxigeneic bacteria. The phenotypical methods are not reliable in specificity, because staphylococcal enterotoxins serotypes are antigenically similar. On the other hand, commercial serological kits can not detect all the serotypes and are limited in serotypes (A-B). Therefore, molecular techniques such as multiplex PCR and real-time PCR are recommended for detection of Staphylococcus aureus enterotoxins genes.
Keywords
Staphylococcus aureus, Enterotoxigeneic Bacteria, Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)
Reference
| [01] | Boerema, J. A.; Clemens, R. and Brightwell, G. (2006): Evaluation of molecular methods to determine enterotoxingenic status and molecular genotype of bovine, ovine, human and food isolates of Staphylococcus aureus. Int.. J. Food Microbiol., 107: 192-201. |
| [02] | Wakabayashi Y, Umeda K, Yonogi S, Nakamura H, Yamamoto K, Kumeda Y, Kawatsu K. (2018): Staphylococcal food poisoning caused by Staphylococcus argenteus harboring staphylococcal enterotoxin genes. Int J Food Microbiol. 2018 Jan 16; 265: 23-29. |
| [03] | Jhalka Kadariya, Tara C. Smith, and Dipendra Thapaliya (2014): Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcal Food-Borne Disease: An Ongoing Challenge in Public Health. Biomed Res Int. 2014; 2014: 827965. |
| [04] | Holtfreter, S. and Broker, B. M. (2005): Staphylococcal superantigens: Do they play a role in sepsis? Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp., 53: 13-27. |
| [05] | Hein, I.; Jorgensen, H. J.; Loncarevic, S. arid Wagner, M. (2005): Quantification of Staphylococcus aureus in unpasteurised bovine and caprine milk by real-time PCR. Res. In Microbiol., 156: 554-563. |
| [06] | Edwin, C.; Tatini, S. R. and Maheswaran, S. K. (2011): Specificity and cros reactivity of Staphylococcal enterotoxin A monoclonal antibodies with enterotoxins B, Cl, D, and E. Appl. Environ. Microbiol., 52: 1253-1257. |
| [07] | Irina V. Pinchuk, Ellen J. Beswick, and Victor E. Reye (2010). Staphylococcal Enterotoxins. Toxins (Basel). 2 (8): 2177–2197. |
| [08] | Ruimy, R.; Angebault, C.; Djossou, F.; Dupont, C.; Epelboin, L. and Jarraud, S. (2010): Are Host Genetics the Predominant Determinant of Persistent Nasal Staphylococcus aureus Carriage in Humans? J. Infect. Dis., 202: 924-934. |
| [09] | Martin, M. C.; Fueyo, J. M.; González-Hevia, M. A, and Mendoza, M. C. (2004): Genetic procedures for identification of enterotoxigenic strains of Staphylococcus aureus from three food poisoning outbreaks. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 94: 279-286. |
| [10] | Van Belkum, A. (2003): Molecular diagnostics in medical microbiology: Yesterday, today and tomorrow. Curr. Opin. Pharmacol., 3: 497-501. |
| [11] | Duncan S. E., Yaun B. R. & Sumner S. S. (2004): microbiological methods for dairy products, standard methods for the examination of dairy products, 17th edition, Washington, Amer. Pub. Heal. Associ., pp, 249-268. |
| [12] | Barry, A. L.; Lachica, R. V. and Atchison, F. W. (2013): Identification of Staphylococcus aureus by simultaneous use. of tube coagulase and thermo-nuclease tests. Appl.. Microbiol., 25: 496-497. |
| [13] | Rosec, J. P., Guiraud, J. P., Dalet, C. and Richard, N. (2012). Enterotoxin production by staphylococci isolated from foods in France. Int. J. Food Microbiol. 35: 213-221. |
| [14] | Scherrer, D.; Corti, S.; Muehlherr, J. E.; Zweifel, C. and Stephan, R. (2004): Phenotypic and genotypic characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus isolates from raw bulk-tank milk samples of goats and sheep. Vet. Microbiol., 101: 101-107. |
| [15] | Normanno, G.; La Salandra, G.; Dambrosio, A.; Quaglia, N. C.; Corrente, M.; Parisi, A.; Santagada, G.; Firinu, A.; Crisetti, E. and Ceiano, G. V. (2007): Occurrence, characterization and antimicrobial resistanc of enterotoxigenic Staphylococcus aureus isolated from meat and dairy products. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 115: 290-296. |
| [16] | Akkaya, L. and Sancak, Y. C. (2007): Growth abilities and enterbtoxin. production of Staphylococcus aureus strains in herby cheese. Bull Vet InstPulawy, 51: 401-406. |
| [17] | Balaban N, Rasooly A (2009). Staphylococcal enterotoxins. Int. J. Food Microbiol., 61: 1-10. |
| [18] | Argudin MA, Mendoza MC, Rodicio MR (2010). Food Poisoning and Staphylococcus aureus Entefotoxins. Toxins, 2: 1751-1773. |
