Indexing
All Issues
Submission
Author Guidelines
Reviewers
Editorial Members
Publication Fee
Vol.2 , No. 5, Publication Date: Sep. 9, 2015, Page: 41-57
: The Generation of the Nature’s Basic Elements and QGP Phase Diagram: A Novel Millennium Power Plant Reactor Proposal&description=This paper presents a novel physical interpretation of the state of matter of the quark-gluon as the most fundamental building blocks in nature. Such a model is derived based on the assumption that dark matter and dark energy behave as a perfect ideal fluid at extremely high temperature. By the virtue of Boltzmann constant of the ideal gas law and NASA's Cosmic Microwave Background Explorer (CMB) which estimated that the space has an average temperature close to 2.7251 Kelvin, then the equivalent mass-energy of the fundamental particle of the dark matter/dark energy is determined. Moreover, assuming a uniform space dark energy/dark matter density, then the critical temperature at which the dark matter has a unity entity per volume is identified as 64.x10<sup>12</sup>K. The calculated critical temperature of the quark-gluon plasma is found to be proportional to the temperature generated by colliding heavy ions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). Moreover, the individual critical temperature of the quark-gluon plasma matter at which the elements of the periodic table are generated is explicitly determined. The generation temperature trend of the elements of the periodic table groups and periods are then demonstrated. Accordingly, the phase diagram of the quark-gluon state matter is proposed. Finally, a new model of quark-gluon power generation plant is proposed and aims to serve humanity with new energy sources in the new millennium.&picture=http://www.aascit.org/aascit/decorators/img/journal/909.jpg)
| [1] | Murad Al Shibli, Autonomous Systems Engineering Technology Department, Abu Dhabi Polytechnic, Institute of Applied Technology, Abu Dhabi, UAE. |
This paper presents a novel physical interpretation of the state of matter of the quark-gluon as the most fundamental building blocks in nature. Such a model is derived based on the assumption that dark matter and dark energy behave as a perfect ideal fluid at extremely high temperature. By the virtue of Boltzmann constant of the ideal gas law and NASA's Cosmic Microwave Background Explorer (CMB) which estimated that the space has an average temperature close to 2.7251 Kelvin, then the equivalent mass-energy of the fundamental particle of the dark matter/dark energy is determined. Moreover, assuming a uniform space dark energy/dark matter density, then the critical temperature at which the dark matter has a unity entity per volume is identified as 64.x1012K. The calculated critical temperature of the quark-gluon plasma is found to be proportional to the temperature generated by colliding heavy ions at the Relativistic Heavy Ion Collider (RHIC) and European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). Moreover, the individual critical temperature of the quark-gluon plasma matter at which the elements of the periodic table are generated is explicitly determined. The generation temperature trend of the elements of the periodic table groups and periods are then demonstrated. Accordingly, the phase diagram of the quark-gluon state matter is proposed. Finally, a new model of quark-gluon power generation plant is proposed and aims to serve humanity with new energy sources in the new millennium.
Keywords
Dark Matter, Dark Energy, Quark-Gluon Plasma, Equation of State, Periodic Table, Standard Model
Reference
| [01] | A. Einstein, "The Foundation of the General Theory of Relativity," pp., 146-200, [The collected papers of Einstein, English Translation Edited by A. J. Kox, M. J. Klien, and R. Schulmann, Volume 6, Princeton University Press, 1997], The Berlin Years Writings, 1914-1917. |
| [02] | Y. A. Cengel, M. A. Boles, Thermodynamics: an Engineering Approach, Fifth Edition, McGraw Hill, 2006. |
| [03] | R. A. Knop, G. Aldering, R. Amanullah, et al., “New Constraints on ΩM, ΩΛ, andΩΛ from an Independent Set of Eleven High-Redshift Supernovae Observed with HST1,” The Astrophysical Journal, Sep 12, 2003. |
| [04] | S. Permutter et al., "Measurements of Omega and Lambda from 42 High Redshift Supernovae," Astrophysical Journal, pp. 565-86, 1999. |
| [05] | A. G. Riess et al., "Observational Evidence from Supernovae for an Accelerating Universe and Cosmological Constant," Astronomical Journal, pp. 1009-1038, 1998. |
| [06] | R. Maartens and E. Majerotto, "Observational Constraints on Self-Accelerating Cosmology," Journal of Astrophysics, June 14, 2006. |
| [07] | S. Perlmutter, M. S. Turner and M. White, "Constraining Dark Energy with SNe Ia and Large-Scale Structure," Journal of Astrophysics, Jan 15, 1999. |
| [08] | W. L. Freedman et al., "Final Results from the Hubble Space Telescope Key Project to Measure the Hubble Constant," Journal of Astrophysics, Dec 18, 2000. |
| [09] | J. L. Tonry et al., "Cosmological Results from High-z Supernovae," Journal of Astrophysics, May 1, 2003. |
| [10] | D. N. Spergel et al., "Willkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) three years results: implications for cosmology," NASA publications, March 2006. |
| [11] | M. S. Turner, “Dark Matter and Dark Energy in the Universe,” The Third Astro. Symposium: The Galactic Halo ASP Conference Series, Vol. 666, 1999. |
| [12] | D. Huterer and M. S. Turner, “Prospects for probing the dark energy via supernova distance measurements,” Physical Review D, Vol. 60, 1999. |
| [13] | S. M. Carroll, Mark Hoffman, Mark Trodden, “Can the dark energy equation-of-state parameter w be less than -1?,” Physical Review D 68, 2003. |
| [14] | D. Huterer and Michael S. Turner, “Probing dark energy: Methods and strategies,” Physical Review D, Vol. 64, 2001. |
| [15] | P. J. E. Peebles and Bharat Ratra, “The cosmological constant and dark energy,” Reviews of Modern Physics, Vol. 75, April, 2003. |
| [16] | E. J. Copeland, M. Sami, and S. Tsujikawa, "Dynamics of Dark Energy," International Journal of Modern Physics, 16 June, 2006. |
| [17] | G. E. Volovik, "Vcauum Energy: Myths and Reality," International Journal of Modern Physics A, 16 June, 2006. |
| [18] | S. M. Carroll, I. Sawicki, A. Silvestri, and M. Trodden, "Modified-Source Gravity and Cosmological Structure Formation," Journal of Astrophysics, July 19, 2006. |
| [19] | S. M. Carroll, "Why is the Universe Accelerating?," Journal of Astrophysics, Nov. 18, 2003. |
| [20] | S. M. Carroll, "The Cosmological Constant” Living Reviews of Relativity, 2001, retrieved on 2006. |
| [21] | G. Dvali and M. Turner, "Dark Energy as a Modifications of the Friedmann Equation," Journal of Astrophysics, Jan. 25, 2003. |
| [22] | M. Shibli, “The Foundation of the Fourth Law of Thermodynamics: Dark Energy and its Nature: Can Dark Energy be Generated?,” International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ´07), European Association for the Development of Renewable Energies, Environment and Power Quality, Full Script www.icrepq.com, http://www.icrepq.com/icrepq07/286-shibli.pdf.Seville, Spain, March 26 th-28 th, 2007. |
| [23] | M. Shibli, “The Equation of State of Dark Energy and Dark Matter: Boltzmann Constant and the Unified Entity: Utilization of Space Energy,” (ICREPQ´08), European Association for the Development of Renewable Energies, Environment and Power Quality, Full Script http://www.icrepq.com/icrepq-08/461_Shibli.pdf. Spain on March 12-14, 2008. |
| [24] | Murad Shibli, “The Fundamental Particle and Energy Quanta of Dark Matter and Dark Energy: Boltzmann Particles and Utilization its Energy,” ICREPQ 2009, International Conference on Renewable Energies and Power Quality (ICREPQ’09), Valencia (Spain), 15th to 17th April, 2009. www.icrepq.com/ICREPQ'09/abstracts/528-shibli-abstract.pdf. |
| [25] | N. Jarosik, et al., " Three-Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations," Astrophysics Journal, in press, January 5, 2007 |
| [26] | D. N. Spergel et al. "Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) three year results: implications for cosmology", (WMAP collaboration) (March 2006). |
| [27] | Hawking, Stephen W., A Brief History of Time: From the Big Bang to Black Holes. Bantam Books, Inc, 1998. |
| [28] | Katherine Freese and William H. Kinney, "The Ultimate Fate of Life in an Accelerating Universe," Journal of Astrophysics, May 22, 2002. |
| [29] | D. N. Spergel, et al., "First Year Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) Observations: Determination of Cosmological Parameters," Journal of Astrophysics, 2003. |
| [30] | Peter J. Mohr, Barry N. Taylor, and David B. Newell, CODATA Recommended Values of the Fundamental Physical Constants, National Institute of Standards and Technology, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8420, USA, December 28, 2007. |
| [31] | U. S. Department of Energy’s (DOE) Brookhaven National Laboratory New Findings on Hot Quark Soup Produced at RHIC, February 16, 2010. |
| [32] | M. A. Stephanov, “QCD phase diagram: an overview,” High Energy Physics – Lattice, arXiv.org, 2006. |
| [33] | Yoshinori Fukao, “The overview of the spin physics at RHIC-PHENIX experiment,” High Energy Physics, arXiv.org, 2006. |
| [34] | J. Sowinski, “Exploring the Spin Structure of the Proton with Two-Body Partonic Scattering at RHIC,” High Energy Physics, arXiv.org, 2007. |
| [35] | Huichao Song,etal, “200AGeV Au+Au collisions serve a nearly perfect quark-gluon liquid,” Virtual Journal on QCD Matter, 2011. |
| [36] | G. D. Coughlan, J.E. Dodd, B. M. Gripaios (2006). The Ideas of Particle Physics: An Introduction for Scientists. |
| [37] | Emsley, John. Nature's Building Blocks: An A-Z Guide to the Elements (New ed.). New York, NY: Oxford University Press. 2001. |
| [38] | Murad Shibli, “The foundation of the theory of the universe dark energy and its nature,” Natural Science, Vol. 3 No. 3, March 31, 2011. |
| [39] | Murad Shibli, “The basic blocks of the universe matter: Boltzmann fundamental particle and energy quanta of dark matter and dark energy,” Natural Science, Vol. 3 No. 9, September 30, 2011. |
| [40] | Barbara V. Jacak, Berndt Müller, “The Exploration of Hot Nuclear Matter,” Science, Theor. Exp. Phys. 12 January 2015. |
| [41] | M. Cheng, N. H. Christ, S. Datta, “The QCD Equation of State with almost Physical Quark Masses,” Pysical Review D, Version 2, Jan. 2008. |
| [42] | M. Cheng, N. H. Christ, S. Datta, “The transition temperature in QCD,” Pysical Review D, 28 September 2006. |
