Indexing
All Issues
Submission
Author Guidelines
Reviewers
Editorial Members
Publication Fee
Vol.4 , No. 4, Publication Date: Aug. 8, 2017, Page: 23-35
 and ground water irrigated (GWI) zone in the peri - urban area of Katihar city and also to estimate human health risk through their consumption. It was found that sewage water and soil irrigated with sewage water were highly polluted. The results revealed that the accumulation of heavy metals in the test vegetables grown in soil at SWI zone moderately enhanced with Cr, Cu, Ni and Mn while strongly enriched with Cd and Pb was observed in the order of spinach (134.45) > coriander (130.06) > cabbage (129.87) > cauliflower (128.46) > carrot (77.78) > potato (69.88). The population load index (PLI), bioaccumulation factor (BAF), daily intake of metals (DIM) and health risk index (HRI) were also studied. The maximum value of PLI was found for Cd (990.03%) and minimum for Mn (8.40%) in soil irrigated with sewage water. High BAF values greater than 1 for Cd, Mn and Pb were observed in cabbage, cauliflower, spinach and coriander at SWI zone and could be one of the possible reasons for health risk in human via their consumption. The consumption of vegetables collected from SWI zone to daily intake of Pb, Cd, Mn, Cu, Ni and Cr were 17.26%, 12.91%, 2.27%, 0.584% 8.62% and 5.67% of PTDI respectively. Thus, the consumption of average amount of these vegetables does not pose a health risk for consumer. Cd, Pb and Mn showed HRI greater than one in cabbage, cauliflower, spinach and coriander collected from SWI zone, pose severe health risk while potato and carrot were almost safe for consumption. The vegetables grown at GWI zone were entirely free from any risk. However, the regular monitoring of levels of these metals in sewage water, soil and in vegetables is essential to prevent excessive build of the metals in the food chain.&picture=http://www.aascit.org/aascit/decorators/img/journal/907.jpg)
| [1] | Arbind Kumar, P.G. Department of Chemistry, Darshan Sah College, Katihar, Bhupendra Narayan Mandal University, Madhepura, Bihar, India. |
| [2] | Seema, Department of Botany and Plant Physiology, College of Horticulture, Noorsarai, Nalanda, Bihar Agricultural University, Sabour, Bhagalpur, Bihar, India. |
| [3] | Vipin Kumar, Department of Chemistry and Environmental Science, Katihar Engineering College, Katihar, Bheria, Rehika, Katihar, Aryabhatt Knowledge University, Patna, Bihar, India. |
The present study was carried out to assess the level of heavy metals in water, soil and some selected common vegetables grown at sewage water irrigated (SWI) and ground water irrigated (GWI) zone in the peri - urban area of Katihar city and also to estimate human health risk through their consumption. It was found that sewage water and soil irrigated with sewage water were highly polluted. The results revealed that the accumulation of heavy metals in the test vegetables grown in soil at SWI zone moderately enhanced with Cr, Cu, Ni and Mn while strongly enriched with Cd and Pb was observed in the order of spinach (134.45) > coriander (130.06) > cabbage (129.87) > cauliflower (128.46) > carrot (77.78) > potato (69.88). The population load index (PLI), bioaccumulation factor (BAF), daily intake of metals (DIM) and health risk index (HRI) were also studied. The maximum value of PLI was found for Cd (990.03%) and minimum for Mn (8.40%) in soil irrigated with sewage water. High BAF values greater than 1 for Cd, Mn and Pb were observed in cabbage, cauliflower, spinach and coriander at SWI zone and could be one of the possible reasons for health risk in human via their consumption. The consumption of vegetables collected from SWI zone to daily intake of Pb, Cd, Mn, Cu, Ni and Cr were 17.26%, 12.91%, 2.27%, 0.584% 8.62% and 5.67% of PTDI respectively. Thus, the consumption of average amount of these vegetables does not pose a health risk for consumer. Cd, Pb and Mn showed HRI greater than one in cabbage, cauliflower, spinach and coriander collected from SWI zone, pose severe health risk while potato and carrot were almost safe for consumption. The vegetables grown at GWI zone were entirely free from any risk. However, the regular monitoring of levels of these metals in sewage water, soil and in vegetables is essential to prevent excessive build of the metals in the food chain.
Keywords
Water, Soil, Vegetables, Heavy Metals, PLI, BAF, DIM, HRI
Reference
| [01] | Aktauzzaman, M., Fukhruddin, A. N. M., Chowdhry, M. A. A., Fardous, Z. and Alum, M. K. (2013). Accumulation of Heavy Metals in Soil and their Transfer to Leafy Vegetables in the Region of Dhaka Aricha Highway, Savar, Bangladesh. Pakistan Journal of Biological Science, 16 (7), 332-338, DOI: 10.3923/pjbs.2013.332.338. |
| [02] | Al Jassir, M. S., Shaker, A. and Khaliq, M. A. (2005). Deposition of heavy metals on green vegetables sold on roadsides of Riyadh city, Saudi-Arabia. Bull. Environ. Contaminat. Toxicol., 75, 1020-1027. |
| [03] | Allen, S. E., Grimshaw, H. M. and Rowland, A. P. (1986). Chemical analysis. In: Methods in Plant Ecology. Eds., Moore, P. D. and S. B. Chapman. Oxford: Blackwell Scientific Publication, London, pp: 285-344. |
| [04] | Awasthi, S. K., (2000). Prevention of food Adulteration Act No. 37 of 1954. Central and State Rules as Amended for 1999, 3rd ed. Ashoka Law House, New Delhi. |
| [05] | Aloxy, W, H. (1968). Agronomic control over environmental cycling of trace elements Advances in agronomy, 20, 235-274. |
| [06] | Alam, M. G., Snow, M. E. T. and Tanaka, A. (2003). Arsenic and heavy metal contamination of vwgwtable in Samta village, Bangladesh. Sci. Total Environ, 308, 83-89. |
| [07] | Balkhair, K. S. and Ashraf, M. A. (2015). Field accumulation risks of heavy metals in soil and vegetable crop irrigated with sewage water in western region of Saudi Arabia. Saudi Journal of Biological Sciences, 23, S32-S44. http;//dx.doi.org/10.1016/j-sjbs.2015.09.023. |
| [08] | Bowen, H. J. M. Environmental Chemistry of the element. Academic Press, London. 1979. |
| [09] | Cui, Y. J., Zhu, Y. G., Zhai, R. H., Chen, D. Y., Huang, Y. Z., Qiu, Y. and Liang, J. Z. (2004). Transfer of metals from soil to vegetables in an area near a smelter in Nanning, China. Environ. Int. 30 (6), 785-791. |
| [10] | Chary, N. S., Kamala, C. T. and Raj, D. S. S. (2008). Assessing risk of heavy metals from consuming food grown on sewage irrigated soils and food chain transfer. Ecotoxicol Environ. Safety, 69: 513–524, DOI: 10.1016/J.ecoenv.2007.04.013. |
| [11] | Demireen, D. and Aksoy, A. (2006). Heavy metal contamination of urban soil and street dust in limits of Cu, Zn and Ni and exceed for Cd and Pb. J. Food Qual., 29, 252-265. |
| [12] | Doyle, P. J. (1998). Survey of literature and experience on the disposal of sewage on land. Available from: http:/www.ecobody.com/reports/sludje/dole-reportvptoc. |
| [13] | European Union, (2002). Heavy Metals in Wastes, European Commission on Environment. Environment. ˂http://ec.europa.eu/environment/waste/studies/pdf/heavymetalsreport.pdf >. |
| [14] | Fazeli, M. S. (1998). Enrichment of heavy metal in paddy crops irrigated by paper mill effluents near Nanjangud, Mysore District. Karnataka, India Environmental, Geology, 34, 42-54. |
| [15] | Gupta, N. D. Khan, K. and Santra, S. E. (2008). An assessment of heavy metal concentration in vegetables grown in waste water irrigated areas of Titagarh, West Bengal, India. Boll Environ. Cont Toxicol, 80, 115-118. |
| [16] | Hartwing, A. (1998) Carcinogenicity of metal compound: Possible rolers of DNA repair inhibition. Toxicol. Lett. 102, 235-239. |
| [17] | Hamid, A., Raza, H., Akhtar, S. and Ahmad, S. R. (2016). Heavy Metal Contamination in Vegetables, Soil and Water and Potential Health Risk Assessment. American- Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 16 (4), 786-786, DOI: 10.5897/idosi-aejaes. 2016.16.04. 103149. |
| [18] | Ibrahim, A. K., Yakubu, H. and Askira, M. S. (2014). Assessment of Heavy Metals in Wastewater Irrigated Soils and Lettuce (Lactuca sativa) in Kwadon, Gombe State Nigeria. American- Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 14 (6), 502-508, DOI: 10.5897/idosi-aejaes. 2014.14.06. 12337. |
| [19] | Iked, M., Zhang, Z. W., Shimbo, S., Watanable, T., Nakatsuka, H., Moon, C., S., Higashikawa, K. (2000). Urban population exposure to lead and cadmium in east and south –east Asia. Sci. Total Environ. 249 (1-3), 373-384. |
| [20] | Jamali, M. K., Kazi, T. G., Arain, A. M., Afridi, H. I., Jalbani, N., Kandhro, G. A., Saha, A. Q. and Baig, J. A. (2009). Heavy metals accumulation in different varieties of wheat (Triticumae stivum L.) grown in soil amended with domestic sewage sludge. J. Hazard. Mater, 164, 1336-1391. |
| [21] | Jan, F. A., Ishaq, M., Khan, S., Ihsanullah, I., Ahmad, I. and Shakirullah, M. (2010). A comparative study of human health risks via consumption of food crops grown on wastewater irrigated soil (Peshawar) and relatively clean water irrigated soil (lower Dir). J. Hazard. Mater. 179, 612-621. |
| [22] | Jena, V., Dixit S. and Gupta, S. (2012). Risk assessment of heavy metal toxicity through edible vegetables from industrial area of Chhattisgarh. Int. J. Res. Environ. Sci. Technol., 2 (4), 124-127. |
| [23] | Joint FAO/WHO Expert Committee on Food Additives, 1999, Summary and conclusions. In: 53rd Meeting, Rome, and June 1-10. |
| [24] | Khan, S. A., LIU, X., H., Shah, B. R., Fan, W., Li, H., Khan, S. B. and Ahmad, Z. (2015) Metals uptake by waste water irrigated vegetables and their daily dietary intake in Peshawar. Pakistan. Ecol Chem. Eng S, Vol. 22 (1), 125-139, DOI: 10.1515/eces-2015-0008. |
| [25] | Khan, S., Farooq, R., Shahbaz, S., Khan, M. A. and Sadique, M. (2009). Health risk Assessment of Heavy metals for Population via Consumption of vegetables. World Applied Science Journal, 6 (12), 1602-1606. |
| [26] | Khan, S., Cao, Q., Zheng, Y. M., Huang, Y. Z. and Zhu, Y. G. (2007). Health risks of heavy metals in contaminated soils and food crops irrigated with wastewater in Beijing, China. Environment Pollution, 1-7. |
| [27] | Khan, S., S., Rehman, Khan, A. Z., Khan, M. A. and Shah, T. (2010). Soil and vegetables enrichment with heavy metals from geological sources in Gilgit, northern Pakistan. Ecotoxicol. Environ. Safety 73, 1820-1827. |
| [28] | Khan, S., Ullash, S. M. and Sarwar, K. S. (2001). Interaction of chromium and copper with nutrient elements in rice (Oryzasativacv BR-11). Bull. Inst. Trop. Agric. kyushu. Uni. 23: 25-34. |
| [29] | Kubota – Pendias, A. and Pendias, H. (1984, 1992). Trace elements in soils and plants. Ist and 2nd edn CRC press, Boca Raton, Florida. |
| [30] | Kumar, A. and Seema, (2016). Accumulation of heavy Metals in Soil and Green Leafy Vegetables, Irrigated with Wastewater. IOSR-J. Environ. Sci. Toxicol. Food Technol., 10 (7), 8-19. |
| [31] | Kohlmeier, M. (2003) Nutrient Metabolism. Elsevier, San Diego, CA, USA. |
| [32] | Lei, M., Liao, B., Zeng, Q., Quin, P. and Khan, S. (2008). Fraction distribution of lead, cadmium, copper and zinc in metal contaminated soil before and after extraction and disodiumethylenediaminetetraacetic acid. Common Soil, Sci. Plant Anal., 38, 1963-1978. |
| [33] | Liu, W. H., Zhao, J. Z., Ouyang, Z. Y., Soderlund, I. and Liu, G. H. (2005) Impacts of sewage irrigation on heavy metals distribution and contamination in Beijing, China. Environment International 31, 805-812. |
| [34] | Lone A. H., Eugenia, P. L., Thakur, S., Ganie, S. A., Wani, M. S. and Wani, F. H. (2013). Accumulation of heavy metals on soil and vegetable crops grown sewage and tube well water irrigation. Academic Journals, 8 (44): 2187-2193, DOI: 10.5897/SRE2013.5636. |
| [35] | Luo. C., Liu, C., Wang, Y., Liu, X., Li, F., Zhang, G. and Li, X. (2011). Heavy metal contamination in soils and vegetables near an e-waste processing site, south china. J. Hazard. Mater. 186 (1): 481-490. |
| [36] | Mahmood, A. and Malik, R. N. (2014). Human health risk assessment of heavy metals via consumption of contaminated vegetables collected from different irrigation sources in Lahore, Pakistan. Arabian Journal of Chemistry, 7, 91-99. |
| [37] | Naser, H. M., Sultan, S., Mahmud, N. U., Gomes, R. and Noor. (2011). Heavy metal levels in vegetables with growth stage and plant species variations, Bangladesh. Journal of Agricultural Research, 36, 563-574. |
| [38] | Nagajyoti, P. C., Lee, K. D., and Sreekanth, T. M. (2010) Heavy metals, occurrence and Toxicity for plant: a review. Environment. Chem Lett. 8, 199-216. DOI: 10.1007/s 10311-010-0297-8. |
| [39] | Nwajei, G. E. (2009). Trace element in soil and vegetables in the vicinity of the shell Petroleum Development Company opening area in Ughelli, delta state of Nigeria. American Eurasian Journal of Sustainable Agriculture, 3, 547-578. |
| [40] | Ramteke, S., Bharat, B. L., Dahariya, N. S., Patel, K. S. (2016). Heavy metal contamination of vegetables. Journal of Environmental Protection, 7, 996-1004, http://dx.doi.org/10.4236/jep.2016.77088. |
| [41] | Rasheed, H., Jaleel, F. and Nisar, M. F. (2014). Analyzing the Status of Heavy Metals in Water in Suburban Areas of Bahawalpur City, Pakistan. American-Eurasian J. Agric. & Environ. Sci., 14 (8) 732-738, DOI: 10.5897/idosi-aejaes. 2014.14.08. 12380. |
| [42] | Ramesh, H. I. and Murthy, V. N. Y. (2012). Assessment of heavy metal contamination in green leafy vegetables grown in Bangalore urban district of Karnataka. Advances in Life Science and Technology, 6, 40-51. |
| [43] | Rarnos, I. E., Esteban Lucena J. J. and Garate, A. (2002). Cadmium uptake and subellulardistribuation in Plant of lactuca ap. Ca-Mninteraction. J plant Sci., 162, 761-767. |
| [44] | Sanitadi Toppi, L. and Gabbrielli, R. (1999). Response to cadmium in higher plants, review. J. Env. and Exp. Bot., 41, 105-130. |
| [45] | Saplakogelu, U. and Iscan, M. (1997) DNA single-strand breakage in rat lung, liver and kidney after single and combined treatments of nickel and cadmium.mutat Res. Vol. 364 (1), 133-140. |
| [46] | Sharma, R. K., Agrawala, M. and Marshal, F. (2007). Heavy metal Contamination of soil and vegetables in Suburban areas of Varanasi, India. Ecotox. Environ. Saf., 66, 2007, 258-266. |
| [47] | Singh, S. and Kumar, M. (2006). Heavy metal load of soil, water and vegetables in peri-urban Delhi. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, 120, 79-91. http;//dx.doi.org/10.1007/s.16661-005-9050-3.77088. |
| [48] | Sharma, R. K., Agrawala, M. and Marshal, F. (2009). Heavy metal in vegetables collected from production and market sites of tropical urban of India. Food and Chemical Toxicology, 47, 583-591, doi: 10.1016/j.fct.2008.12.016. |
| [49] | Shuaibu, I. K., Yahaya, M. and Abdullahi, U. K. (2013). Heavy metal levels in selected green leafy vegetables obtained from Katsina central market, Katsna, North-western Nigeria. African Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry, 7 (5), 179-183, DOI: 10.5897/AJPAC 2013.0499. |
| [50] | Streit, B. and Stumm, W. (1993). Chemical properties of metals and the process of bioaccumulation in terrestrial plants. In: Plants as Biomonitors. (ed.) Malkert, B. VCH. Weinheim. / New York / Basel / Cambridge / Tokyo. Pp. 415-434. |
| [51] | Tam, F. H. and Barrington, S. (2005). Zinc and copper in take by plant under transportation ratio Part I. Wheat (Triticumae stivum L.). Environ. Pollut. 138, 538-547. |
| [52] | US-EPA IRIS. (2006). United States, Environmental Protection Agency, Integrated Risk Information System. ˂http://www.epa. gov/iris/substS>. |
| [53] | WHO. (1990). Cadmium Environmental Health Criteria Geneva; World Health Organization 134. |
| [54] | Yang, X. E., Long X. X. and Ni, W. Z. (2002). Assessing copper thresholds for phytotoxicity and potential dietary toxicity in selected vegetables crops. J. Environ. Sci. Health, B37 (6), 625-635. |
| [55] | Yuan, Li-zhu, Bo Song, Yu-fei Huang, Feng-yan Fu, Lu. Su-fen Lu and Xue-mei Zhong, (2015). Health Risk of Heavy Metals to the General Inhabitants in Guilin, China via Consumption of Vegetables. In the Proceeding of the AASRI International Conference on Industrial Electronics and Applications (IPA 2015), UK, June 27-28 and pp: 445-457. |
| [56] | Xiong, Z. T. and Wang, H. (2005). Copper toxicity and bioaccumulation in Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensis Rupr.). Environ. Toxicol, 20 (2), 188-194. Nutr, 25 (5), 957-968. |
| [57] | Zheng, N., Wang, X. W., Zheng, D., Zheng, Z. and Zheng, S. (2007). Population health risk due to dietary intake of heavy metals in the industrial area of Huludao City, China. Sci Total Environ. 387 (1-3), 96-104. DOI: 10.1016/J.ecoenv.2007.07.044. |
| [58] | Zhuang, P., McBride, M. B., Xia, H., Li, N., and Li, Z. (2009). Health risk from metals via consumption of food crops in the vicinity of Dabaoshan Mine, South China. Science of the Total Environment, 407, 1551-1561. |
