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Vol.4 , No. 5, Publication Date: Oct. 17, 2017, Page: 43-50
 Seed Using H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub>, and H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> Activating Agent&description=Activated carbon is a porous carbonaceous material with high adsorption capacity which can be used as adsorbent material for purification of liquids and gasses. In this research work, production of activated carbon from avocado pear <i>(Persea Americana)</i> seed using different activation agents was investigated. The study was aimed at comparing various chemical activation agents in order to determine the most suitable chemical activation agents for the preparation of activated carbon from an avocado pear seed. The activating agents used were H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, HNO<sub>3</sub> and H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>. In the course of this study, waste avocado seeds were carbonized at 255°C and activated with different activating agents at 600°C to produce activated carbon. The effect of various activating agents on percentage yield, ash content, percentage burn-off, bulk density and adsorption efficiency in terms of iodine number was characterized. From the analysis, it was observed that using H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> as an activating agent at activation temperature of 600°C gave the highest value of bulk density increasing according to the impregnation ratios of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4, with the values ranging from 0.29 to 0.34g/cm<sup>3</sup> followed by activating agent of HNO<sub>3</sub> ranging from 0.27 to 0.33 and H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub> having 0.28 to 0.32g/cm<sup>3</sup>. The values obtained for percentage yield ranged from 63% to 77% and that of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> had the lowest percentage yield ranging from 65% to 69% which shows that the activation temperature at 600°C does not favour the impregnation ratios of H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> but rather favours HNO<sub>3</sub> and H<sub>3</sub>PO<sub>4</sub>. With H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub>, low percentage yield resulted in high percentage burn off. It was observed that the ash content of each of the impregnation ratios of different activating agents was high because it ranged from 5% to 17.3%. The iodine number determined showed that iodine adsorption of activated carbon prepared with H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> with activation temperature at 600°C is the best because the micropores content on the surface of activated carbon is higher especially at the impregnation ratio of 0.2M which had 1713.28g/kg and that of HNO<sub>3</sub> had the lowest value though chemical activation values were better than thermal valves. From the result, H<sub>2</sub>SO<sub>4</sub> as activating agent was found to be the best for the preparation of activated carbon from waste avocado seeds.&picture=http://www.aascit.org/aascit/decorators/img/journal/904.jpg)
| [1] | Ololade Moses Olatunji, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria. |
| [2] | Christiana Monday Ekpo, Department of Agricultural Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Akwa Ibom State University, Ikot Akpaden, Nigeria. |
| [3] | Erewari Ukoha-Onuoha, Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Federal University Otuoke, Otuoke, Nigeria. |
Activated carbon is a porous carbonaceous material with high adsorption capacity which can be used as adsorbent material for purification of liquids and gasses. In this research work, production of activated carbon from avocado pear (Persea Americana) seed using different activation agents was investigated. The study was aimed at comparing various chemical activation agents in order to determine the most suitable chemical activation agents for the preparation of activated carbon from an avocado pear seed. The activating agents used were H2SO4, HNO3 and H3PO4. In the course of this study, waste avocado seeds were carbonized at 255°C and activated with different activating agents at 600°C to produce activated carbon. The effect of various activating agents on percentage yield, ash content, percentage burn-off, bulk density and adsorption efficiency in terms of iodine number was characterized. From the analysis, it was observed that using H2SO4 as an activating agent at activation temperature of 600°C gave the highest value of bulk density increasing according to the impregnation ratios of 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, and 0.4, with the values ranging from 0.29 to 0.34g/cm3 followed by activating agent of HNO3 ranging from 0.27 to 0.33 and H3PO4 having 0.28 to 0.32g/cm3. The values obtained for percentage yield ranged from 63% to 77% and that of H2SO4 had the lowest percentage yield ranging from 65% to 69% which shows that the activation temperature at 600°C does not favour the impregnation ratios of H2SO4 but rather favours HNO3 and H3PO4. With H2SO4, low percentage yield resulted in high percentage burn off. It was observed that the ash content of each of the impregnation ratios of different activating agents was high because it ranged from 5% to 17.3%. The iodine number determined showed that iodine adsorption of activated carbon prepared with H2SO4 with activation temperature at 600°C is the best because the micropores content on the surface of activated carbon is higher especially at the impregnation ratio of 0.2M which had 1713.28g/kg and that of HNO3 had the lowest value though chemical activation values were better than thermal valves. From the result, H2SO4 as activating agent was found to be the best for the preparation of activated carbon from waste avocado seeds.
Keywords
Activation, Characterization, Adsorbents, Activated Carbon, Agricultural Wastes
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