Indexing
All Issues
Submission
Author Guidelines
Reviewers
Editorial Members
Publication Fee
Vol.1 , No. 5, Publication Date: Sep. 22, 2015, Page: 63-70
 as CO<sub>2</sub> Donor in the Formulation of an Effervescent Low Dose Aspirin Tablet&description=Aspirin, a non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drug is one of the most widely used and prescribed analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent utilized prophylactically to avert thrombo-embolic diseases. An oral effervescent tablet containing 75 mg aspirin was formulated with periwinkle shell bio-ash (<i>Ugoeze-bio-ash</i>) expected to generate carbon dioxide in the presence of water and other excipients such as citric acid triggering a rapid effervescence of the tablet to release its drug content. Tablet properties were considered using the British Pharmacopeia methods. From the results, intact, off-white, round and convex shaped effervescing tablets with low crushing strength, friability less than 1 % and disintegration time less than 5 min were obtained. Stability studies showed that the tablets prepared with <i>Ugoeze-bio-ash</i> did not show much changes in properties after 12 months when further analysis were carried out on them. <i>Ugoeze-bio-ash</i> could be a useful pharmaceutical excipient in the formulation of several effervescent pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. Its continual utilization as locally sourced raw material will add economic value to periwinkle shell which so far has limited application and still constitute environmental menace in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.&picture=http://www.aascit.org/aascit/decorators/img/journal/893.jpg)
| [1] | Ugoeze K. C., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. |
| [2] | Udeala O. K., Department of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Port Harcourt, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. |
Aspirin, a non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drug is one of the most widely used and prescribed analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory agent utilized prophylactically to avert thrombo-embolic diseases. An oral effervescent tablet containing 75 mg aspirin was formulated with periwinkle shell bio-ash (Ugoeze-bio-ash) expected to generate carbon dioxide in the presence of water and other excipients such as citric acid triggering a rapid effervescence of the tablet to release its drug content. Tablet properties were considered using the British Pharmacopeia methods. From the results, intact, off-white, round and convex shaped effervescing tablets with low crushing strength, friability less than 1 % and disintegration time less than 5 min were obtained. Stability studies showed that the tablets prepared with Ugoeze-bio-ash did not show much changes in properties after 12 months when further analysis were carried out on them. Ugoeze-bio-ash could be a useful pharmaceutical excipient in the formulation of several effervescent pharmaceutical solid dosage forms. Its continual utilization as locally sourced raw material will add economic value to periwinkle shell which so far has limited application and still constitute environmental menace in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria.
Keywords
Periwinkle Shell, Bio-ash, Ugoeze-bio-ash, CO2, Donor, Effervescent, Low Dose, Aspirin
Reference
| [01] | Srikanth P, Narayana R, Wasim Raja S, Brito Raj S (2013). A review on oral controlled drug delivery. Int. J. Advanced Pharmaceutics. 3(1):51-58. |
| [02] | Rajlakshmi G, Vamsi C, Balchandar R, Damodharan N (2011). Formulation and evaluation of effervescent tablets of diclofenac potassium. Int. J. Pharm. Biomed. Res. 2(4): 237- 243. |
| [03] | WHO Pharmacopeia Library. Available from: www. who. int/phint/en/d/Jb. 6. 2. 1. 7/. Retrieved on 19th August, 2015. |
| [04] | Bharat WT, Umesh TJ, Vinod MT, Leena RB (2014). Formulation and evaluation of diclofenac sodium effervescent tablet. Innovations in Pharmaceuticals and Pharmacotherapy 2 (2):350-358. |
| [05] | Ahmed IS, Aboul Einien MH (2007). In vitro and in vivo evaluation of a fast disintegrating lyophilized dry emulsion tablet containing griseofulvin. Eur. J. Pharm. Sci., 32 (1): 58- 68. |
| [06] | Ahmed IS, Fatahalla FA “Pilot study of relative bioavailability of two oral formulations of ketoprofen 25 mg (2007). Healthy subjects. A fast dissolving lyophilized tablet as compared to immediate release tablet. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 33 (5):505-511. |
| [07] | Ahmed IS, Nafadi MM, Fatahalla FA (2006). Formulation of a fast dissolving ketoprofen tablet using freeze drying in blisters technique. Drug Dev. Ind. Pharm., 32 (4): 437-42. |
| [08] | Sasikumar S (2014). Analysing cost effective natural binder in formulating assorted oral dosage forms using data mining technique. Available from: http://hdl. handle. net/10603/24256. Retrieved on 22nd August, 2015. |
| [09] | Rang H, Dale M, Ritter J, Moore P (2003). Pharmacology (5th Ed.). Churchill Livingstone: 323-326. |
| [10] | Inger LM, Mart AFJ, van de L, Harald EV (2010). Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs: An overview of cardiovascular risks. Pharmaceuticals (Basel). 3 (7): 2146-2162. |
| [11] | Desalu OO, Wahab KW, Fawale B, Olarenwaju TO, Busari OA, Adekoya AO, Afolayan JO (2011). A review of stroke admissions at a tertiary hospital in rural Southwestern Nigeria. Ann Afr Med 10:80-5. |
| [12] | Baigent C, Blackwell L, Collins R (2009). Aspirin in the primary and secondary prevention of vascular disease: collaborative meta-analysis of individual participant data from randomized trials. Lancet 373 (9678): 1849-60. |
| [13] | Francis H (2006). How are seashells created? Scientific American, Available from www. scientificamerican. com. Retrieved on 7th January, 2015. |
| [14] | Olaniyan CIO (1978). An introduction to West African animal ecology, Heinemann educational books, London and Ibadan. 2nd Edn; 170. |
| [15] | Olorunoje GS, Olalusi OC (2003). Periwinkle shell as alternative to coarse aggregate in lightweight concrete. International Journal of Environmental, 1 (1): 231–236. |
| [16] | Edmund J (1978). Sea shells & other mollusc found on West African shores & estuaries. In: Descriptive manual of Janet Edmund. Ghana University press, Accra, 20: 100-101. |
| [17] | Buchaan JB (1954). Marine molluscs of Gold Coast of West Africa. J. West African Sci. Assoc; 7: 30-45. |
| [18] | Badmus MAO, Audu TOK, Anyata BU (2007). Removal of lead ion from industrial waste waters by activated carbon prepared from periwinkle shell (Tympanotonus fuscatus). Turkish Journal of Engineering and Environmental Science 31: 251– 263. |
| [19] | Job O F (2008). The durability characteristics of periwinkle shell concrete. Ph. D. Thesis, University of Jos, Nigeria. |
| [20] | Jamabo N, Chinda A (2010). Aspects of the ecology of Tympanotonous fuscatus var fuscatus (Linnaeus, 1758) in the mangrove swamps of the Upper Bonny River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Current Research Journal of Biological Sciences, 2(1): 42–47. |
| [21] | Mmom PC, Arokoya SB (2010). Mangrove forest depletion, biodiversity loss and traditional resources management practices in the Niger Delta, Nigeria. Research Journal of Applied Sciences, Engineering and Technology, 2 (1): 28–34. |
| [22] | Powell CB, Hart AI, Deekae S (1985). Market survey of the periwinkle, Tympanotonus fuscatus in Rivers State: sizes, prices, trade routes and exploitation levels. Proceedings of the 4th annual conference of the Fisheries Society of Nigeria (FISON), Port-Harcourt, Nigeria. |
| [23] | Dahunsi BIO, Bamisaye JA (2002). Use of periwinkle shell ash (PSA) as partial replacement for cement in concrete. Proceedings: Nigerian Materials Congress and Meeting of Nigerian Materials Research Society, Akure, Nigeria, 184–186. |
| [24] | Job OF, Umoh AA, Nsikak SC (2009). Engineering properties of sand-crete blocks containing periwinkle shell ash and ordinary Portland cement. International Journal of Civil Engineering, 1: 18– 24. |
| [25] | Olutoge FA, Okeyinka OM, Olaniyan OS (2012). Assessment of the suitability of periwinkle shell ash (PSA) as partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) in concrete. International Journal of Research and Reviews in Applied Sciences 10(3): 428 - 434. |
| [26] | Olusola KO, Umoh AA (2012). Strength characteristics of periwinkle shell ash blended cement concrete. International Journal of Architecture, Engineering and Construction 1(4): 213-220. |
| [27] | Ugoeze KC, Chukwu A (2015). Preliminary evaluation of the properties of biomaterial of Tympanotonus fuscata shell as pharmaceutical excipient. Int. Res. J. Pharm. 6(2): 104-107. |
| [28] | Ugoeze KC, Chukwu A (2015). Physico-chemical aspects of modified biomaterial of Tympanotonus fuscata (periwinkle) shell powder considered as pharmaceutical excipient. Journal of Pharmaceutical and Allied Sciences 12(1): In press. |
| [29] | Odeku OA, Awe OO, Popoola B, Odeniyi MA, Itiola OA (2005). Compression & mechanical properties of tablet formulations containing corn, sweet potato and cocoyam starches as binders. Pharm. Technol. 29(4): 82-90. |
| [30] | Carstensen JT, Chan FC (1977). Flow rates and repose angle of wet-processed granulations. J. Pharm. Sci. 66: 1235. |
| [31] | Jones TM, Pilpel N (1966). The flow properties of granular magnesia. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 18: 81-93. |
| [32] | Carr R (1965). Classifying flow of solids. Chemical Engineering, 72: 69-72. |
| [33] | Hausner H (1967). Friction conditions in a mass of metal powder. International Journal of Powder Metallurgy, 3: 7-13. |
| [34] | British Pharmacopeia. (2012). Her Majesty`s Stationery Office, University press, Cambridge. |
| [35] | The United States Pharmacopoeia XXVI (2003). The United States Pharmacopoeia Convention, Inc. Bethesda. MD, USA. |
| [36] | Lachman L, Lieberman H, Kanig J (2009). The theory and practice of industrial pharmacy. Varghese publication house. 3rd edition, 297-303 |
| [37] | Chauhan K, Parashar B, Chandel A, Thakur V (2013). Formulation and evaluation of Fast Dissolving Tablets of Telmisartan. Int. J Pharm Sci. Res. 4(4): 1514-1520. |
| [38] | Emeje M, Isimi C, Kunle O (2008). Effect of Grewia gum on the mechanical properties of paracetamol tablet formulations. Afr. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2: 1-6. |
| [39] | Odeku OA (2005). Assessment of Albiziazygia gum as binding agent in tablet formulations. Acta Pharm. 55: 263-276. |
| [40] | Zhao N, Augsburger LL (2006). The influence of granulation on superdisintegrant performance. Pharm. Dev. Technol. 11:47-53. |
