Indexing
All Issues
Submission
Author Guidelines
Reviewers
Editorial Members
Publication Fee
Vol.2 , No. 4, Publication Date: Sep. 26, 2017, Page: 20-25
 bought from various markets of Benue and Taraba state were carried out with Flame Atomic Absorption spectrophotometric technique. The method 3031 developed acid digestion of Oils for metal analysis by Atomic Absorption or ICP spectrometry was used in the preparation of the edible oil samples for the determination of total metal content in this study. The overall results (µg/g) in palm oil sample ranged from 0.028-0.076, 0.035-0.092, 1.011-1.955, 2.101-4.892, 0.666-0.922, 0.054-0.095, 0.031-0.068 and 1.987-2.971 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn respectively, while In ground-nut oil the overall results ranged from 0.011-0.042, 0.011-0.052, 0.133-0.788, 1.789-2.511, 0.078-0.765, 0.045-0.092, 0.011-0.028 and 1.098-1.997 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn respectively. Of the heavy metals considered Cd and Ni showed the highest contamination in the soya bean oil sample. The overall results in soya bean oil samples ranged from 0.011-0.015, 0.017-0.032, 0.453-0.987, 1.789-2.511, 0.089-0.321, 0.011-0.016, 0.012-0.065 and 1.011-1.997 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn respectively. The concentration of Pb was the highest. The degree of contamination by each metal was estimated by the transfer factor. The transfer factors obtained for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in edible oils (palm oil, ground-nut oil and soya bean oil) were 10.800, 16.500, 16.000, 18.813, 15.115, 14.230, 23.000 and 9.418 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in palm oil, and 7.000, 12.500, 8.880, 11.333, 7.708, 10.833, 15.00 and 6.608 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in ground-nut oil while for soya bean oil the transfer factors were 13.000, 11.000, 7.642, 11.578, 4.486, 13.00, 12.333 and 4.412 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn respectively. The inter-element correlation was found among metals in edible oil samples using Pearson’s correlation co-efficient. There were positive and negative correlations among the metals determined. All Metals determined showed degree of contamination but concentrations lower than the USP specification.&picture=http://www.aascit.org/aascit/decorators/img/journal/829.jpg)
| [1] | Odoh Raphael, Department of Chemical Sciences, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria. |
| [2] | Oko Odiba John, Department of Chemical Sciences, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria. |
| [3] | Udegbunam Ifeoma Sandra, Department of Chemical Sciences, Federal University Wukari, Wukari, Nigeria. |
The determination of Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn contents in edible oils (palm oil, ground-nut oil and soya bean oil) bought from various markets of Benue and Taraba state were carried out with Flame Atomic Absorption spectrophotometric technique. The method 3031 developed acid digestion of Oils for metal analysis by Atomic Absorption or ICP spectrometry was used in the preparation of the edible oil samples for the determination of total metal content in this study. The overall results (µg/g) in palm oil sample ranged from 0.028-0.076, 0.035-0.092, 1.011-1.955, 2.101-4.892, 0.666-0.922, 0.054-0.095, 0.031-0.068 and 1.987-2.971 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn respectively, while In ground-nut oil the overall results ranged from 0.011-0.042, 0.011-0.052, 0.133-0.788, 1.789-2.511, 0.078-0.765, 0.045-0.092, 0.011-0.028 and 1.098-1.997 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn respectively. Of the heavy metals considered Cd and Ni showed the highest contamination in the soya bean oil sample. The overall results in soya bean oil samples ranged from 0.011-0.015, 0.017-0.032, 0.453-0.987, 1.789-2.511, 0.089-0.321, 0.011-0.016, 0.012-0.065 and 1.011-1.997 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn respectively. The concentration of Pb was the highest. The degree of contamination by each metal was estimated by the transfer factor. The transfer factors obtained for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in edible oils (palm oil, ground-nut oil and soya bean oil) were 10.800, 16.500, 16.000, 18.813, 15.115, 14.230, 23.000 and 9.418 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in palm oil, and 7.000, 12.500, 8.880, 11.333, 7.708, 10.833, 15.00 and 6.608 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn in ground-nut oil while for soya bean oil the transfer factors were 13.000, 11.000, 7.642, 11.578, 4.486, 13.00, 12.333 and 4.412 for Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Pb and Zn respectively. The inter-element correlation was found among metals in edible oil samples using Pearson’s correlation co-efficient. There were positive and negative correlations among the metals determined. All Metals determined showed degree of contamination but concentrations lower than the USP specification.
Keywords
Heavy Metals, Edible Oils, Contamination, Consumption, Benue and Taraba State Markets
Reference
| [01] | Black, L. T., (1975). Comparison of three atomic absorption techniques for the determination of metals in soybean-oil. J. Am. Oil Chem., 52 (3), 88-91. |
| [02] | Marfec, A., Bulinski, R. (1997). Content of some trace elements in nuts and edible seeds, Bromatol. ChemToksykol, 30 (2), 125-128. |
| [03] | Persmers, U., Toregrand, B. (1971). Metal analysis of edible fats and oil by atomic absorption spectroscopy. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 48, 650-652. |
| [04] | Elson, C. M., Bremer, E. M., Ackman, R. G. (1981). Determination of heavy metals in Menhaden oil afterrefining and hydrogenation using several analytical methods. J. Am. Oil Chem. Soc., 58 (12), 1024 --1026. |
| [05] | Ivanov, K., Panchev, I. (1995). An investigation into the dependence between the contents of the different ionic forms of heavy metals in lipids and their pro-oxidative effects. Z. Lebensm. Unters. Forsch. 201 (3), 218-220. |
| [06] | Fergusson, J. E., (1990). The Heavy Elements: Chemistry, Environmental Impacts and Health Effects. Pergamon press: Oxford, 1990, pp 377-405. |
| [07] | Allens, L. B., Siitonen, P. H., Thompson, H. C. (1998) Determination of copper, lead and nickel in edible oilsby plasma and furnace atomic spectroscopies. J. Am Oil Chem. Soc., 75 (4), 477-481. |
| [08] | Sron B (2005) Palm oil’s track record. Global Oil and Fats 2: 24-25. |
| [09] | Bester DJ, van Rooyen J, Du Toit EF, Esterhuyse AJ (2006) Red palm oil protects against the consequences of oxidative stress when supplemented with dislipidaemic diets. Med Tech SA 21: 3-6. |
| [10] | Smith MA (1984) Lead in history. In: The lead debate: the environmental toxicology and child health Lansdown R, Yule W (eds). LondonCroom Helm: 7-24. |
| [11] | Singh N, Kumar D, Sahu AP (2006) Arsenic in the environment: effects on human health and possible prevention. J Environ Biol 28: 359-365. |
| [12] | Esterhuyse AJ, Du Toit EF, Van Rooyen J (2005) Dietary red palm oil supplementation protects against the consequences of global ischemia in the isolated perfused rat heart. Asian Pac J ClinNutr 14: 340-347. |
| [13] | Park, J. R and Lee, D (2003) Detection of adulteration in olive oils using triacyl glycerols compositions by high temperature Gas Chromatography. Bull Korean Chem. Soc. 24 (4): 527-530. |
| [14] | Pasca, A and Dadaralat, D (2007) Studies of edible oils adulteration by Ultrasonic attenuation. Rom. Journ. phys. 52 (5-7) p 641-644. |
| [15] | Edem D. O (2002) Palm oil: biochemical, physiological, nutritional, haematological, and toxicological aspects of: a review. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 57: 319-341. |
| [16] | R. Odoh, I. S. Udegbunam, E. E. Etim (2013). Impact of Automobile Exhaust and Dust on the Concentrations of Trace Heavy Metals in Some of Vegetables and Fruits Sold along the Major Roads and Traffic Junctions in Abuja Metropolis, International Journal of Modern Analytical and Separation Sciences, 2 (1): 39-49. |
| [17] | USA Department of Health & Human Services (1988) The nature and extent of lead poisoning in children in the United States: a report to Congress Atlanta, GA. |
| [18] | WHO (1995) Inorganic lead Geneva. Environmental Health Criteria No. 165. |
| [19] | Tong S, Von Schirnding YE, Prapamontol T (2000) Environmental lead exposure: a public health problem of global dimensions. Bull of WHO 78: 1068-1077. |
| [20] | Smouse, T. H., (1994). Factors Affecting Oil Quality and Stability in Methods to Assess Oil Quality and Stability of Oils and Fat-Containing Foods. p. 17-36. K. Warner and N. A. M. Eskin (Eds.), AOCS, Champaign. |
| [21] | Ferner DJ (2001) Toxicity, heavy metals. eMed J 2: 125-137. |
| [22] | Poppiti JA, Charles S (1994) Practical techniques for laboratory analysis. (2nd edn), CRC Press: 123-130. |
| [23] | Dupler D (2001) Heavy metal poisoning. In: Gale Encyclopedia of Alternative Medicine, Farmington Hills, MI Gale Group 312-345. |
| [24] | Kasprzak KS, Sunderman FW, Salnikow K (2003). Nickel carcinogenesis. Mutat Res 533: 67-69. |
| [25] | Kawanishi S, Oikawa S, Inoue S, Nishino K (2002) Distinct mechanisms of oxidative damage induced by carcinogenic nickel subsulfide and nickel oxides. Environ Health Perspect 110: 789-791. |
| [26] | Kotaś J, Stasicka Z (2000) Chromium occurrence in the environment and methods of its speciation. Environmental Pollution 107: 263-283. |
