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Vol.2 , No. 6, Publication Date: Dec. 6, 2017, Page: 48-53
 different feeds samples were collected from three (3) different poultry sites meant for different purposes; Layers and Broilers for investigation in the laboratory using standard microbiological techniques. The aim of the study was to determine the microbial loads, antibiogram profile of the different types of bacteria contaminating poultry feeds sold and used in Wukari metropolis, Nigeria. The results clearly show bacteria isolated from both layers and broilers to include <i>Streptococcus</i> species (17), <i>Salmonella</i> species (7), <i>Escherichia coli</i> (16), <i>Bacillus</i> species (8) and <i>Staphylococcus</i> species (15). Isolates from layers feeds shows <i>Streptococcus</i> species 7 (26%), <i>Salmonella</i> species 2 (7.4%), <i>Escherichia coli</i> 11 (40.7%), <i>Bacillus</i> species 3 (11.1%) and <i>Staphylococcus</i> species 4 (14.8%) and isolates from the broiler feeds shows <i>Streptococcus</i> species 10 (27.7%), <i>Salmonella</i> species 5 (13.8%), <i>Escherichia coli</i> 5 (13.8%), <i>Bacillus</i> species 5 (13.8%) and <i>Staphylococcus</i> species 11 (30.6%). In comparison, this study demonstrated that broiler feeds have the highest percentage 36 (57.1%) of bacteria isolates than the layer feeds 27 (42.8%), these may be attributed to the high protein contents of the marshes in the broiler feeds which also serve as growth factor for the contaminating bacteria. It is also worth noting that <i>Streptococcus</i> species (17) has the highest frequency of occurrence while <i>Salmonella</i> species (7) has the lowest frequency of occurrence. In terms of susceptibility pattern of the various isolates to antibiotics used in these study, the isolates clearly demonstrated various degrees of sensitivity and resistance patterns to the antibiotics. In conclusion, poultry feeds (layers and broilers feeds) used in Wukari metropolis had bacterial contaminants. Hence, in – cooperation of antibiotics to poultry feeds and in the management program of poultry farming is recommended. Also, the hygienic production of poultry feed is of public health concern, therefore, the control of bacterial infections should be approached through cleanliness, disinfection and intensive supportive nursing care, proper treatment of feed ingredients and application of hygienic measures starting from harvesting of feed ingredients to storage, processing of feeds, packaging, transporting and eventual marketing of the bagged feeds.&picture=http://www.aascit.org/aascit/decorators/img/journal/805.jpg)
| [1] | Imarenezor Edobor Peter Kenneth, Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Federal University, Wukari, Nigeria. |
| [2] | Iyamu Mercy Itohan, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Life Sciences, Ambrose Alli University, Ekpoma, Nigeria. |
| [3] | Dosa James Martha, Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Federal University, Wukari, Nigeria. |
| [4] | Olofinlade Olamide Gloria, Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Federal University, Wukari, Nigeria. |
| [5] | Yakubu Abdulkarim, Tropical Diseases Unit, Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Pure and Applied Sciences, Federal University, Wukari, Nigeria. |
A total of seven (7) different feeds samples were collected from three (3) different poultry sites meant for different purposes; Layers and Broilers for investigation in the laboratory using standard microbiological techniques. The aim of the study was to determine the microbial loads, antibiogram profile of the different types of bacteria contaminating poultry feeds sold and used in Wukari metropolis, Nigeria. The results clearly show bacteria isolated from both layers and broilers to include Streptococcus species (17), Salmonella species (7), Escherichia coli (16), Bacillus species (8) and Staphylococcus species (15). Isolates from layers feeds shows Streptococcus species 7 (26%), Salmonella species 2 (7.4%), Escherichia coli 11 (40.7%), Bacillus species 3 (11.1%) and Staphylococcus species 4 (14.8%) and isolates from the broiler feeds shows Streptococcus species 10 (27.7%), Salmonella species 5 (13.8%), Escherichia coli 5 (13.8%), Bacillus species 5 (13.8%) and Staphylococcus species 11 (30.6%). In comparison, this study demonstrated that broiler feeds have the highest percentage 36 (57.1%) of bacteria isolates than the layer feeds 27 (42.8%), these may be attributed to the high protein contents of the marshes in the broiler feeds which also serve as growth factor for the contaminating bacteria. It is also worth noting that Streptococcus species (17) has the highest frequency of occurrence while Salmonella species (7) has the lowest frequency of occurrence. In terms of susceptibility pattern of the various isolates to antibiotics used in these study, the isolates clearly demonstrated various degrees of sensitivity and resistance patterns to the antibiotics. In conclusion, poultry feeds (layers and broilers feeds) used in Wukari metropolis had bacterial contaminants. Hence, in – cooperation of antibiotics to poultry feeds and in the management program of poultry farming is recommended. Also, the hygienic production of poultry feed is of public health concern, therefore, the control of bacterial infections should be approached through cleanliness, disinfection and intensive supportive nursing care, proper treatment of feed ingredients and application of hygienic measures starting from harvesting of feed ingredients to storage, processing of feeds, packaging, transporting and eventual marketing of the bagged feeds.
Keywords
Poultry Feeds, Bacteria, Antibiotics, Broilers, Layers, Wukari
Reference
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| [31] | Malcolm, F. Fuller (2004). The Encyclopedia of Farm Animal Nutrition. CABI. p. 68. ISBN 978-0-85199-369-0. Retrieved 7 November 2012. |
| [32] | Mark, Pattison (2008). Poultry Diseases. Elsevier Health Sciences. p. 550. ISBN 978-0-7020-2862-5. Retrieved 7 November 2012. |
| [33] | Mignon-Grasteaus, S., Beamont, C. and Richard, F. H. (2001). Genetic Analysis of Selection Experiments on the Growth Curve of Chickens. Poultry Science. 80: 849-854. |
| [34] | Rafloff, E M (2003), “Salmonella Reservoirs in Animals and Feeds”. Journal of Poultry Science. 46 (22): 7-9. |
| [35] | Wadi, A. A. (2002). Bacterial Load of Animal and Poultry Feed Concentrate. World’s Poultry Science Journal. 57: 179-188. |
| [36] | Maciorowski KG, Herera P, Jones FT, Pillai, SD and Ricke, SC (2007): Effects on Poultry and Livestock of Feed Contamination with Bacteria and Fungi. Animal Feed Science and Technology. 133: 109-136. |
| [37] | Barakat R (2004): Monitoring Feeds for Salmonella in Canada. Animal Feeds Workshop 2004, Atlanta, Georgia, USA. |
| [38] | Anon (2001): Salmonella: Coordinating Chemical and Thermal Control. Feed International December: 27-30. |
| [39] | Crump JA, Griffen PM and Angulo, FJ (2002): Bacterial Contamination of Animal Feed and its Relationship to Food Borne Illness. Infect. Dis. 35: 859-865. |
| [40] | White P and Collins JD (2003): A Survey of the Prevalence of Salmonella and other Enteric Pathogens in a Commercial Poultry Feed Mill. J. Food Safety. 23: 13-24. |
| [41] | E. maikwu, K. K., Chikwendu, D. O. and Sanni, A. S. (2011). Determination of Flock size in Broiler Production in Kaduna State of Nigeria. Journal of Agricultural Extension and Rural Development. 3 (1); 202-211. |
| [42] | Ameh VO, 2014. Epidemiological studies of canine rabies in Wukari metropolis, Taraba State, Nigeria. Thesis submitted to the School of Postgraduate Studies, Ahmadu Bello University, Zaria, Nigeria. |
| [43] | Olaniyi, O. A, I. O. Adesiyan and R. A. Ayoade (2008). Constraints to Utilization of Poultry Production Technology among Farmers in Oyo State, Nigeria. Journal Human Ecology 24 (4): 305-309. |
| [44] | M. A. Maikasuwa and M. S. M. Jabo, (2011). “Profitability of backyard poultry farming in sokoto metropolis, Sokoto State, North-West, Nigeria,” Nigerian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 19 (1): 111–115. |
| [45] | O. K. Akintunde and A. I. Adeoti (2014). “Assessment of factors affecting the level of poultry disease management in Southwest, Nigeria,” Trends in Agricultural Economics. 7 (2): 41–56. |
| [46] | N. S. Esiobu, G. C. Onubuogu, and V. B. N. Okoli, (2014). “Determinants of income from poultry egg production in Imo State, Nigeria: an econometric model approach,” Global Advanced Research Journal of Agricultural Science. 3 (7): 187–199. |
| [47] | Quadri, S. F. and Deyoe, C. W. (1998). Effect of temperature on Salmonella content of feeds. Feedstuffs. 47: 65-66. |
| [48] | R. O. Babatunde, O. A. Omotesho, and O. S. Sholotan (2007). “Socio-economics characteristics and food security status of farming households in Kwara State, North-Central Nigeria,” Pakistan Journal of Nutrition. 6 (1): 49–58. |
| [49] | Obiazi H. A, Iyere D. I. and Imarenezor E. P. K (2009). Prevalence of Salmonella species in poultry and poultry products in Ekpoma, Edo state. Journal of Science Engineering and Technology. 16 (1): 8737-8743. |
