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Vol.2 , No. 6, Publication Date: Dec. 23, 2017, Page: 74-84
. Within these areas, sixteen agricultural fields were selected with various soil textures, different water resources, appropriateness of the drainage system, manure addition, crop rotation and plant cover at sampling. Soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC), easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (EEGRSP) and total glomalin (TGRSP) contents were analysed. Soil micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) and potentially toxic metals (Cd, Pb, Co, Ni and Cr) were measured in soil and in each extraction cycle of glomalin. Organic carbon in the GRSP extraction solutions amounted by 26-30% in all soils. One-way ANOVA showed significant differences (p<0.05) between the studied soils demonstrating the effects of agro-ecological differences on soil ecosystems. All soils showed wide range concentrations of metal ions bound to glomalin. The GRSP-bound metals were Fe<sub>GRSP</sub> (0.04-1.16 mg kg<sup>–1</sup>), Zn<sub>GRSP</sub> (0.69 mg kg<sup>–1</sup> only in S4), Mn<sub>GRSP</sub> (9.52-105.16 mg kg<sup>–1</sup>), Cu<sub>GRSP</sub> (1.05-5.01 mg kg<sup>–1</sup>) Ni<sub>GRSP</sub> (0-0.23 mg kg<sup>–1</sup>) and Pb<sub>GRSP</sub> (2.70-3.26 mg kg<sup>–1</sup>) and highly found in S4 and S8-S12 soils intercropped with legumes and annually received manure addition. The cumulative increase of these metals observed along the sequential extraction of GRSP may indicate the ability of glomalin for increasing their availability and sustainability during its persistence in soil. Factor analysis explained 41% of total variance in the 1<sup>st</sup> Factor with high positive loadings from silt, clay, SOC, TGRSP, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, Fe<sub>GRSP</sub>, Mn<sub>GRSP</sub> and Pb<sub>GRSP</sub>. Factor 2 with 21% of total variance was positively correlated with EEGRSP, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, Fe<sub>GRSP</sub>, Cu<sub>GRSP</sub> and Pb<sub>GRSP</sub>. These findings illustrate the capacity of glomalin to bind metals for increasing their availability to plant growth and, in addition, alleviate the effects of toxic metals depending on the appropriateness of drainage system, manure additions, crop rotation and changes in plant cover. As a result, glomalin can be used as a biofertilizer for sustainable agricultural management to help manage soil nutrients sustainability. It can be also used as a phytoremediator to recover toxic metals in polluted soils.&picture=http://www.aascit.org/aascit/decorators/img/journal/805.jpg)
| [1] | Mohamed Emran, Land and Water Technologies Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt. |
| [2] | Mohamed Rashad, Land and Water Technologies Department, Arid Lands Cultivation Research Institute (ALCRI), City of Scientific Research and Technological Applications (SRTA-City), New Borg El-Arab City, Alexandria, Egypt. |
| [3] | Maria Gispert, Soil Science Unit, University of Girona, Girona, Spain. |
| [4] | Giovanni Pardini, Soil Science Unit, University of Girona, Girona, Spain. |
Alkaline soils in arid areas frequently have low-nutrient contents available for plant growth. Glomalin is a mycorrhizal glycoprotein produced in soil with the ability to sequester soil nutrients thereby increasing their availability according to the soil-ecological conditions. The study area has been selected to cover two different agro-ecological areas (coastal region: S1-S7 and S13-S16; Eastern Delta region: S8-S12). Within these areas, sixteen agricultural fields were selected with various soil textures, different water resources, appropriateness of the drainage system, manure addition, crop rotation and plant cover at sampling. Soil texture, pH, electrical conductivity (EC), soil organic carbon (SOC), easily extractable glomalin-related soil protein (EEGRSP) and total glomalin (TGRSP) contents were analysed. Soil micronutrients (Fe, Zn, Mn and Cu) and potentially toxic metals (Cd, Pb, Co, Ni and Cr) were measured in soil and in each extraction cycle of glomalin. Organic carbon in the GRSP extraction solutions amounted by 26-30% in all soils. One-way ANOVA showed significant differences (p<0.05) between the studied soils demonstrating the effects of agro-ecological differences on soil ecosystems. All soils showed wide range concentrations of metal ions bound to glomalin. The GRSP-bound metals were FeGRSP (0.04-1.16 mg kg–1), ZnGRSP (0.69 mg kg–1 only in S4), MnGRSP (9.52-105.16 mg kg–1), CuGRSP (1.05-5.01 mg kg–1) NiGRSP (0-0.23 mg kg–1) and PbGRSP (2.70-3.26 mg kg–1) and highly found in S4 and S8-S12 soils intercropped with legumes and annually received manure addition. The cumulative increase of these metals observed along the sequential extraction of GRSP may indicate the ability of glomalin for increasing their availability and sustainability during its persistence in soil. Factor analysis explained 41% of total variance in the 1st Factor with high positive loadings from silt, clay, SOC, TGRSP, Fe, Mn, Cu, Ni, Cr, FeGRSP, MnGRSP and PbGRSP. Factor 2 with 21% of total variance was positively correlated with EEGRSP, Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb, FeGRSP, CuGRSP and PbGRSP. These findings illustrate the capacity of glomalin to bind metals for increasing their availability to plant growth and, in addition, alleviate the effects of toxic metals depending on the appropriateness of drainage system, manure additions, crop rotation and changes in plant cover. As a result, glomalin can be used as a biofertilizer for sustainable agricultural management to help manage soil nutrients sustainability. It can be also used as a phytoremediator to recover toxic metals in polluted soils.
Keywords
Alkaline Soils, Glomalin-Related Soil Protein, Sustainable Management, GRSP-Bound Metals, Micronutrients, Nutrients Availability
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